Most Recent Microtheory
(Hits=0) Why don't Photons have mass? Photons are energy or a wave and cannot interact with the Higgs field. Photons interact with charged fields.[Learn More...](Hits=0) How do W and Z particles help make the Standard Equation work? Photons have no mass and the Higgs Field/Mechanism does not interact with the photon. W and Z bosons are a part of the Standard equation and represent the Weak Nuclear Force. W represents the positive and negative force and Z represents the neural force W and Z.[Learn More...]
(Hits=0) Top quarks do not exist inside of a proton. Top quarks interact with lighter quarks through the strong force mediated by emitting and absorbing gluons. Two protons smash and emit two gluons that combine to form a top quark that produces a Higgs boson. This is called Top quark production or gluon fusion.[Learn More...]
(Hits=0) Protons are accelerated and kinetic energy transferred giving the protons 7,000 times their mass. Proton is two up quarks and one down. The Higg particle can interact with two top quarks or with two heavy W and Z particles. The two protons collide and emit a W or Z particle and these two particles fuse together to form a Higgs particle. The process is called weak boson fusion.[Learn More...]
(Hits=0) Gauge symmetry lies at the heart of the standard model. Gauge symmetry requires that the standard model be massless. Abandoning gauge symmetry is not an option. The explanation of mass must be a Higgs field that surrounds all space and a Higgs mechanism where particles interacting with the field are given mass. Photons acquire no mass. The Higgs mechanism interacts with quarks and leptons but not photons. The Higgs field has a particle called the Higgs boson. The Higgs field is not zero, it is always present around space. Gluons have no mass and are not affected by the Higgs field. The Higgs particles mass should lie within the range of the know masses of the W particle and the top quark. The Large Hadron Collider is expected to have enough energy to create the Higgs Boson.[Learn More...]
(Hits=0) There are eight gluons in the strong force. Quarks have asymptotic freedom meaning freedom in close proximity. However, gluons keep the quark within a bound radius. The stronger force overcomes the electromagnetic repulsion. The strong forces gets weaker and weaker as you get closer to the quark, but stronger the further you get from the quark. Stronger force gets weaker at high energies. The strong force close to quarks may approach the strength of the weak force.
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(Hits=0) Parity is respected by the strong and electromagnetic forces but not the weak forces.
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(Hits=0) Neutrons decay into a proton, electron, and electron neutrino. uud = neutron and converts to udd proton where the up quark converts to a down quark. D (-1/3) = W- + u(2/3) then W-= e + Ve or a W- equals an electron and electron neutrino. The down quark decays into a W- and an up quark. The W- decays into electron and antineutrino. W is the mediator of the Weak force. W+ and W- mediate the flow of particles from one state to another. W+ mediates the positive current and W- mediates the negative current.
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(Hits=0) Mesons consist of two quarks combinations.
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(Hits=0) Baryons are three quark combinations. Protons, neutrons, lambdas, sigmas have a baryon number =1. Mesons, force carieers, and leptons have a baryon number=0. Protons can never decay since all the lighter decay product candidates have baryon numbers of 0. Protons can not decay into pions. It can’t decay into a neutron and a positron or photons because of charge conservation.
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(Hits=0) Mesons: ud^ positive pion (2/3+1/3)=1, du^ negative pion (-1/3-2/3)=-1, uu^+dd^ neutral pion, us^ positive kaon (2/3+1/3)=1, su^ negative kaon (-1/3-2/3)=-1, ds^ neutral kaon (-1/3+1/3)=0, d^s neutral antikaon (1/3-1/3)=0
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(Hits=0) Baryons: uud proton (2/3+2/3-1/3)=1, udd neutron(2/3-1/3-1/3)=0, uds lambda (2/3-1/3-1/3)=0,uus sigma plus (2/3+2/3-1/3)=1,dds sigma minus (-1/3-1/3-1/3)=-1, uds sigma zero (2/3-1/3-1/3)=0, dss xi minus (-1/3-1/3-1/3)=-1, uss xi zero (2/3-1/3-1/3)=0[Learn More...]
(Hits=0) Quark charges: u up = +2/3, d down=-1/3, s strange=-1/3, d^ negative down=1/3, u^= -2/3, s^ negative strange=1/3
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(Hits=0) Weak Force Messenger Particles are: W+, W-, and Z0. The weak force has a small radius of influence, 10 pow -19 meters.
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(Hits=0) Quarks: up(u), down(d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t), bottom (b) Leptons: electron neutrino (Ve), Muon neutrino (Vu), electron (e), muon (u), tau neutrino (Vt), tau(t)[Learn More...]
(Hits=2) Hyperinflation creates social disorder and disillusionment. Hyperinflation is characterized by riots for food, high unemployment, and the shutdown of hospitals, institutions, and businesses. People start to demand order and price stability allow for new regimes of power to take control. For example, Schact created a new Reich mark backed by gold. The asset stabilized the hyperinflated mark and money supply became more credible. By 1929, the Germany equity market had declined 74%. Schacht started to print money, manipulate currency valuations, and force individual savings. From 1932-36 unemployment dropped from 6 million to 1 million and from 32-37 industrial-production rose 102%, mostly in military equipment output to ream the German Army, WWI was inevitable.[Learn More...]
(Hits=1) Wealth holders need to own their own property, businesses, real-estate, and businesses. Wealth holders moved quickly to pay off debt because during deflation the debt destroys the business and individual. Expensive and hard to earn money must pay back debt money. The lender is the winner during deflation.[Learn More...]
(Hits=1) During World War II, estate and buildings were destroyed. The owner found that getting them back was problematic at best. Land on the other hand is always there and everyone knew the landowners even when the landownership records had been destroyed. In 1947, Germany began to rebuild and land prices rose and restored wealth to the rich.[Learn More...]
(Hits=1) The History of World War II supports the thesis that land ownership is an asset refuge and sanctuary for wealth.[Learn More...]
(Hits=4) The form paint events calls the displaytext method which can render out a single character or all characters in the ascreenChars array.
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(Hits=5) The screeninitialize method extracts the character width and height used during text rasterization[Learn More...]
(Hits=4) Each textout character is rasterized using the text_opaque turned on. The form font properties are initialized or de-initialized in a functional called setattributes. Some of the font attributes include underline, bold, background color, and text color.
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(Hits=4) This code sample demonstrates how to output a text character using the Win32 api textout. The process includes two parts starting first with a two dimensional character array called aScreenChars mapping to a column and row on the display and a two dimensional attributes string array containing a concatenation of attributes commands per string. The attributes string is parsed and the attributes applied before the character is rasterized.
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(Hits=5) How get focus on a control after a postback event[Learn More...]
(Hits=4) This code snippet shows how to set the focus on a control after a postback event has been triggered on a control.[Learn More...]
(Hits=8) This code snippet demonstrates how to insert a javascript code overriding the ASP.NET default control handling code
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(Hits=11) The Monkey measured 260 feet from head to tail. The head was represented by Canes Venatici. Plecada, Megrez, Alith, and Mizat form the arms. Gerald Hawkins said Dubhe would have been 6 degrees above the horizon in 1000 AD. Marie Reiche did not include Dubhe because it would not have been visible to the human eye. Could the Nasca spiral monkey tail represent the revolution of the stars around the celestial pole? The main clearing points to Uras Major in the northern hemisphere aligning with the stars in 710 AD.
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(Hits=8) Maria Reiche believes the Spiral Monkey represents Ursa Major. Reiche defines the azimuth of the main cleared area, as the Pista. The azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian. The rising and setting of the star known as Benetnash is oriented to the tip of the tail, the handle of the Great Bear constellation. Reiche uses a computer model of the constellation at 1000 AD. Sixteen parallel lines cross the Pista which point approximately to Benetnash. Reiche obtained a declination or the angular distance of a body north or south of the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. Maria Reiche found two declinations, one for each side of the pista and both within a fraction of degree for the declination of 54.5 degrees at 1000 AD.
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(Hits=10) Paulson realized, the next area of profit was the declining dollar. Paulson realized the supply of dollars had increase 120%, a sure prediction of a drop in value, and eventual surge in inflation. Paulson started to buy billions of dollar worth of Gold and bet against the dollar. The biggest force pressuring Bond yields to move upward is the trillions of dollars the Treasury has to sell to finance the 2009 budget. Reserve assets, such as treasuries are accumulated in good times (yield downward) and sold in bad times (yield upward). Bond Yields climb during bad economies. Money supply has increased to $3,818 Billion / 262 Billion = 15-Fold Increase in US monetary base since 2008. Soaking up the liquidity will be impossible because Bond price is declining and yield is increasing. The Fed will find it impossible to sell the bonds and withdraw the dollars in the Money Supply.[Learn More...]
(Hits=9) By the middle of 2009, one in ten American were delinquent or in foreclosure. Housing prices had drop 30 to 40 percent from their 2006 peak price. Paulson analysis proved correct, housing prices had dropped 30/40 percent because of overvaluation.[Learn More...]
(Hits=8) Paulson Company eventual had $5 billion worth of bets against CDOs valuations. Months later Paulson had profited $4 billion by himself. One of the biggest loser was Deutsche bank.[Learn More...]
(Hits=12) In 2007, Paulson and Company made $15 billion. Paulson bet the housing market would turn. Paulson started buying Credit Default Swaps (CDS) insurance policies. Paulson believed the CDS premiums would raise as Mortgage defaults increased and he would sell the CDS at a profit. Paulson was willing to lose 8% a year to buy the Insurance policies. By 2006, Paulson had managed to raise $147 million and launched his fund. Paulson met bankers at Bear Stearns, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs and asked them to create securities called collaterized debt obligations (CDOs) that Paulson Company could wager against. The banks would sell CDOs to clients that thought the assets would appreciate and Paulson bought CDS on the mortgage betting the assets would fall. Paulson could wager a $1 billion that the mortgage backed securities would fall. Paulson worked with the banks to short CDOs. The Hedge fund was the impetus for the CDO transaction being sold to the investor.[Learn More...]
(Hits=9) Paulson learned housing prices had climbed 1.4 percent from 1975 to 2000, after inflation, but had soared 7% from 2000 to 2005, a 40% margin of Housing price correction. Paulson bet the Housing price would experience and down turn and he profited $4 billion from his prediction.[Learn More...]
(Hits=11) Some facts: Things are getting cheaper and better. Poverty is temporary. Americans are getting wealthier. American’s live better than any king in the past. “Whatever your criterion of culture, the odds are extremely high that, with capitalism-that is with free markets- you will get more of the kind of culture you want than you will get when government rules the economy with a heavy hand. There is no greedy hand, only social, political, and financial incentives and when incentives are artificial high the system revolts, as in the case of Nixon’s oil price fixing and Carters conservational efforts. Capitalism delivers the goods both abundantly and with quality. Artists and actors thrived becauses their works were popular in a freemarket. There is a labour shortage. Freemarkets are creating infinite resources. There are no shortages of resources. Welfare impoverishes individuals. Government operates on principles of force.
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(Hits=10) Heilbroner pointed to the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe as giving “the clearest possible proof that capitalism organizes the material affairs of humankind more satisfactorily than socialism.” In the Soviet union, no one person or company could own private property, so there was no incentive to take care of the grain, so much of it rotten each year. Soviet factories were judged by quotas rather than their ability to satisfy customers. The soviet government set prices that were too high causing huge surpluses and the surpluses sometimes ended up in landfills. Likewise, much of the soviet oil production ended up costing, instead of profiting the people, the chaos of economic life under socialism. “Alchian pointed out that a huge amount of human behavior could be understood if you got straight what the property rights were.” Property rights give incentives to the individual to earn a profit, produce, and satisfy the customer through generosity-courteous-thoughtful behavior. The price would be determined by what people were willing to pay for the product or service. “When something is allocated to the highest bidder, the bidders, no the auctioneer, determine who gets it.” “When government hands things out or underprices them, politically well-connected people inside and outside government will take advantage of this and capture much of the value that would have otherwise been capture by property owners.”
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(Hits=11) Most Americans are in the 15 percent tax bracket and pay 3 to 4 cents per dollar in State tax. On top of that American’s pay 7.65 percent in social security and medicare taxes. Thus, even the modest-income people are in an overall marginal tax bracket ranging from 26 to 33 percent tax. High income people in states with income taxes are in a overall marginal tax bracket of 50 percent. High tax rates cause deadweight losses in two ways: 1. loses by spending tax revenue wastefully. “When government spends money on things, there’s a strong basis for believing that those things are worth less than the items we would have bought with our money.” “Governments have little or no incentive to spend money carefully because it’s not their money.” 2. Every tax causes people to alter their behavior in some way. These distortions in behavior designed to reduce the amount of taxes they pay. The deadweight loss from a tax is proportional to the square of the tax rate. The main thing we need to do is cut taxes drastically, especially at the federal level. The flat tax will create two taxes, one for income and the other for sales. Proponents of big government oppose tax cuts. “The reason they give is that such tax cuts generate disproportionate higher benefits for high-income people than for low-income people. The top 5 percent made 32.5 of the income. Low and middle income people would gain from tax cuts. Higher-income people would work harder because they could keep more of their earnings and lower marginal taxes would give people an incentive to save. The more capital and high-skilled workers there are for low-skill workers, the more productive and higher paid the workers become. EITC has incentive problems and may encourage pushes for bigger government and EITC incentives exist causing low income people to elect not to earn additional disqualifying dollars. The death tax is unjust. The death tax is unfair because it levy on people wh have already paid tax on what they have accumulated. The capital gains tax is unjust. “The tax on capital gains is another particular unjust tax because is does not take account of the increase in asset prices that is caused by inflation.” The capital gain tax does not allow individuals to index their prices so that they are paying capital gains taxes on real capital gains and not on phantom capital gains.
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(Hits=10) Thinking about bonds, bond yields drop as the economy moves to a recession because investor flee from stocks into bonds and since money is easy to acquire the rates drop. In this scenerio, short term traders buy bonds now with the anticipation the yields will drop more in the future and investor will pay more for these bonds with a higher yield and again, a short-term speculation to capture a quick profit. However, if haystack of stocks continues producing 7.5% real returns then stay the course.
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(Hits=10) Bogle suggests two principles when dealing with risk 1. Get your asset allocation right, maintaining a long-term horizon, and stay the course. Bogle observed that the long term real return on stock is 7.5%. Assuming one has a million dollars that is $75,000 annual income. 2. Diversity some of the risk away by introducing equities with reliable different correlations with the U.S market. Maybe, we will see the creation of a worldwide index, 60/40 - 60 percent U.S stock and 40 percent other? Bogle stresses investors not too speculate, however, life is short and if one needs too speculate they should limit the amount too 5 percent in the gamble for higher profits. Bogle's is betting on the performance of the whole market index rather than one sector mutual fund. Bogle is saying the market price is too high and a risk at its current levels. Bogle thinks mutual funds should be able to buy bonds and other stable securities as a part of the mutual fund mix.
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(Hits=9) Warren Buffet said, "The art of investing in public companies is ... simply to acquire, at a sensible price a business with excellent economies and able, honest management. Thereafter, you need only monitor whether these qualities are being preserved."
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(Hits=10) Bogle was left to reflect on two questions: 1. Will the bagel of investment fundamentals give us its usual sustenance? 2. And will the doughnut of speculation get even sweeter than it is today, or will it finally sour? Bogle concluded, "We are in a new era of investing".
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(Hits=10) Thinking about 2000, Bogle observed for growth to remain constant over the next ten years, the P/E ratio would need to move from 30 to 67 an unlikely possibility. If in 2000, the P/E ratio fell too 12 then the market level would be 580 rather than 1400 with a P/E of 30. If the P/E fell from 30 to 20 then market return would drop to 5.5% less than the percentage rate of high yield bonds and such an event would be the first in stock history. Is the market comfort zone, a P/E of 15.5 and this fact suggests the market has moved to a level of high risk and possible correction? Bogle states, "Looking back 70 years, major market highs were almost invariably signaled when the dividends yield on stocks fell below 3%, or price earnings rose much about 20 times earnings". The purpose of any stock investment is cash now with the expectation of future flows of cash. A high P/E ratio means investors are expecting a large flow of future cash. The high prices are based on speculation about the cash flow in the future. If the future cash flow expectations are not rational does this mean short-term profit taking is picking clean the amateur investor?
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(Hits=10) What were the factors associated with the 87 crash? 1. Stock prices were simply to high to the underlying earnings and dividends in comparison to higher yields available on fixed income securities. 2. Deterioration in economic outlook with no progress to reduce the federal deficit, no improvements in the trade imbalance, and inflation in the air. 3. Program trading in the futures market sparked massive computer driven sales. The impact being 35% of the equity traded out of the market. In 87, if you're a Contrarian, it is a good time to buy or hold.
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(Hits=9) Bogle's outlook of the stock market is brilliant. Bogle states: financial economist cannot predict the future. The DOW may hit 36,000 and it may not. Who can predict accurately what the market will do? The market is not a machine. The market is not an insurance actuaries spreadsheet. However, the market performed remarkable well with price gaining 17% a year and at this rate doubling every four years. To understand the market lets look first too dividend yield and earnings growth because these elements provide the steady underlying force over the long pull. For two decades dividend yield equaled 4.5% and earning growth paced at 5.9% producing a 10.9% return. In 1970, P/E fell 50% from 16 times to 7.3 and dividend yield equaled 3.4% and annual earnings equaled 9.9% producing a 10.4% investment return and Bogle preached "stay the course". By 2000, dividends equaled 1%, earning growth rate reached 8%, and P/E ratios top 30. Again, Bogle preached, "time, risk, and control" raising a cautious outlook and a cry for investors to return back to investor basics of earnings, dividends, and yields.
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(Hits=9) Mutual funds have become a vehicle for short-term speculation, a trend fostered in part by the industries focus on marketing. Today the average fund holds stock for 400 days compared to six years when Bogle graduated from Princeton. Most investors hold their mutual fund for 3 years rather than 15 years. Since 1980 - 2000 mutual fund assets have risen 70 fold from $100 billion to $6.5 trillion and assets of stock funds have risen 120 fold or $4.0 trillion. In a 15-year span there were 426 mutual fund boats and 113 sunken mutual fund boats. Survival was strong because of the generous returns of the market. However, Mutual fund efficiency was problem: 1. Sales tax, excessive fees, spending too much on marketing, failing to share economy of scale with the investors, and 90% turn over of the portfolio each year suggested one thing, "short term speculation" was becoming the norm. Mutual fund sites charge costs included a front-end sales commission of 6%; opportunity cost meaning held cash positions equal to 7% of assets with these asset earning smaller returns than available in stocks; a transactional cost of 1.7%; and operating cost equal to 1.2% per year.
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(Hits=10) John Bogle, one of the brightest minds of our century raises some of the most important financial questions, of the last 50 years. Bogle on Great Ideas in Financing includes four criteria: 1. Simplicity - Buy the whole market haystack, an index capable of matching the market. 2. Focus (Seek the hard crusted but nutritious bagel of earnings, dividends, and interest yields rather than the sweet donut taste of price with its high price earning multiples) 3. Efficiency (minimize frictional costs of fees, commissions, and taxes with an Wilshire 5000 index). 4. Stewardship (keep the interest of the client first). Bogle's index was free of tax, include a small transactional fee, represented 8000 stocks in the market, and matched the market rate of return.
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(Hits=13) The time arrow starts as energy flows out of the sun, at this point thermodynamic activity occurs on the earth. Gravity tells the time arrow the direction it should point. Earth is bathed in energy from the Sun, a dissipative system. Life makes use of the energy maintaining itself far from equilibrium. Systems organize and use the flow of energy. Complex forms are really quite simple.[Learn More...]
(Hits=14) Space is stretching between clusters of galaxies. Space is expanding with time. Space and time relate as describe by Einstein’s General Theory of relativity.
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(Hits=12) The Universe could have started as a singularity where the gravitational field was carrying on an equal and opposite amount of energy. Gravity attracts bodies of mass. The Kinetic energy of particles falling together has a gravitational field. Gravity has a negative energy. The negativity of gravity exactly cancels out the mass-energy of matter.
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(Hits=11) Dynamics is the study of how things change.
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(Hits=12) Equilibrium means death and no energy flow.
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(Hits=12) What happens just before the onset of Chaos? A system can only be held in an interesting state away from equilibrium if it is dissipative and open to its environment. The early Universe was open to its environment and dissipative with energy convection and broken symmetry. Convection caused short-lived patterns to emerge, breakup, and reform. Stable patterns appeared at the edge of chaos. Energy was flowing through the system and the flow of energy must have been external. The flow of energy is the secret of the existence of the Universe.
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